The source of the power
Criteria for peer production: Openness
- External openness
- I.e.: Everyone may use the results without restrictions
- Implies: Results are available without conditions
- Allowed: Conditions to keep external openness
Exchange *is* no such condition
- Internal openness
- Everyone may contribute to the project
Criteria for peer production: Selbstentfaltung
- Selbstentfaltung of producers
- Work == fun
No compensation needed for work pain
BTW: Something the labor movement has enormous difficulties with - Implies: Volunteer producers
- Not alienated from production process
Producers control and manage production process as they see fit - Producers are not alienated from the products
Volunteers select the product they like - Results in absolute quality
Not only relative quality as in markets
- Work == fun
- Unalienated products
- Products are not alienated from the users
- I.e.: Use value based production
- In other words: Freedom
- Selbstentfaltung ultimately means emancipation
That is why it is interesting for me
- Selbstentfaltung ultimately means emancipation
Power from a new mode of production
- Powerful products
- Successful products
- Complex products
- Major societal impact
- Global use
- Powerful producers
- Happy producers
- Volunteers can not be forced
- Ultimately: A new mode of production
- Undermining the stronghold of capitalism
Basis of contemporary peer production
Internet as technological basis
- Internet enables peer production
- Enables peers to find each other
- Enables peers to work together
- Major distribution channel
Globalization at its best
- Today Internet and computers are part of common infrastructure
- I.e. no extra cost
- On an industrial level
- Even for the average household
- Internet / computers are *the* technological basis of peer production
- Internet / computers are the *technological* basis of peer production
This new mode of production needed a technological basis
Skilled volunteers as human basis
- Peer production mainly by volunteers
- For instance in Wikipedia
- Mostly in Free Software
See respective studies - I.e. in Free time
- Peer production partly in paid time
- Either where peer production can be monetized by secondary effects
- Or where sponsored by the state
- Peer producers often highly skilled
- Necessary for products like an encyclopedia, software, science...
- At least some discipline needed for Open Streetmap
- Free time of skilled volunteers as the human basis
Contemporary limitations
Availability of machinery
- Internet is sufficient machinery for pure information products
- But some products need expensive machinery
- Also applies to some information products
- Much research is based on expensive machinery
- Expensive machinery is not simply available
- Limits types of products producible by peer production
Availability of skilled volunteers
- More volunteers would mean:
- More labor force / more products
- More diversity in Selbstentfaltung covering a wider range of products
- Peer producers must earn money
- Therefore they are not fully available for Selbstentfaltung
Tasks hard to conceptualize as Selbstentfaltung
- Necessary tasks today may be
- Boring
- Dangerous
- Dirty
- ...
- Hard to see as Selbstentfaltung
- No problem: difficulty
- Difficult tasks are a nice challenge for the real masters ;-)
- Capitalism can structurally force people to do *every* task
- But force destroys Selbstentfaltung
- Thus force is not available for peer production
No principle limitation: Physical products
- Information products are based on digital copy
- But digital copy exists since 60 years
- And is ubiquitous since 10-20 years
- Today means of production for physical products are:
- Not ubiquitous
- Less universal than computers
- Not part of common infrastructure
- Physical peer products will exist when their preconditions are met
Overcoming machinery limitations
Sponsored machinery for information production
- State pays for expensive machinery
- Like in science / Open Access
- Free Software also started in universities
Sponsored machinery for manufacturing designs
- Contract manufacturers
- Have expensive machinery
- May produce peer production designs on order
- Standard industry producing peer products
- Trend to ask the users
See Eric v. Hippel's work - Even in Free Software: Distributors
- Trend to ask the users
Cheap / universal machinery
- Note: Computers are universal *and* (meanwhile) cheap
Cheap and universal machinery seems to be a fertile ground - Cheap means: easy to get
- Universal means: Useful to have
- Like a car for many transportation issues
- Fabbers, industrial robots, ... are universal
- Adopt the Free Software strategy
- Building the means of production from the ground up
- Editors, compilers, operating system
More sophisticated technology
- May solve many problems
- Lower costs
- Cheap / universal means of production
- Enable physical peer production
- Reduce unwanted tasks
- Enable Selbstentfaltung by needing more sophisticated work
- In short: More automation
Overcoming Selbstentfaltung limitations
Expanding Free time
- Unconditional basic income from the state
- However: Unconditional basic income destroys the basis of capitalism
- Thus this won't happen
- Lower average labor time
An old labor movement demand... - Higher wages
Another old labor movement demand...
But this time not only for pleasure but to the help a new society - Lower costs by using results of peer production
- Less need to work for money
- Positive feedback cycle
Extending and using Selbstentfaltung
- Lift skill level by Free education
- OLPC (One Laptop Per Child)
- MIT Courseware
- Open Access
- Open Textbooks
- Leverage diversity of Selbstentfaltung
- Selbstentfaltung is a very individual thing
- What is horror for one person is pleasure for someone else
- Open Streetmap fine for those strange people who like walking ;-)
Using capitalism
Learning from capitalism
- Learn how germ form becomes dominant
- Learn from history
- Focus on strengths instead of weaknesses
- Learn what functions a modern society needs
- These must be replaced by peer production counterparts
- Or may become superfluous - like banks
- Make peer production sexy
Leveraging capitalism
- Public peer product policies helps public recognition
- Use capitalism for what it is (still) good
- E.g.: Production of goods useful for peer production
Wrap up
Summary
- Criteria for peer production must be met
- Contemporary basis consists of technological and human means of production
- Limitations result from the lack of means of production
- Ideas exist on how to overcome these limitations
Thank you
- This is part of the Oekonux drawing board initiative
- Thank you for your attention
- Contact: smerten@oekonux.de
- Questions? Comments?